Sáng kiến kinh nghiệm Improving the way to pronounce english vowel sounds of grade 6 students - Nguyễn Thị Như Quỳnh

confident enough to communicate in English. It’s obvious that there are some students noticing their pronunciation errors when their pronunciation erroneously, others, on the other hand, don't recognize their problem with pronunciation English words.
	Last but not least, although there are common errors made by learners, not at all teachers pay attention to them. The above conclusion partly from personal observation supports this research. It is possibly because some sounds are not pronounced so clearly as other sounds in an utterance so they are less noticed by both learners and teachers. Added to this, there have not been many studies on these particular pronunciation errors so far at high level. Only studies about general speaking and pronunciation errors were carried out, which appears to have failed to emphasize the main pronunciation problem of Vietnamese students of English.
	I believe that a study on English pronunciation errors will help students become well aware of their pronunciation problems to which they might not have paid any attention before. It’s also the help for some teachers in teaching pronunciation at schools if the study can suggest some solutions to help students practice pronunciation individually and in group. From the reasons mentioned above, I have decided to carry out this study entitled "Improving the way to pronounce English vowel sounds of grade-6 students”. 
2. Aim and objectives of the research 
	English phonetics is important as it lays basis for effective oral communication. As far as I know, students of English at primary schools are not taught phonetics(and students at secondary schools who learn new curriculum are taught some sounds) and mostly taught by nonnative- English teachers.
	Classes in Viet Nam are big so it is not suitable for teachers and students to practice pronunciation.
	For those reasons, I decided to do a study on pronunciation errors made by students in grade 6 at secondary schools to analyze the errors, their causes and the suggest some solutions based on my own experiences in teaching English to help students improve their pronunciation as well as to present to teachers of English a realistic picture of pronunciation errors made by their students so that they can find the suitable and effective methods to teach this subject with their students.
3. Scope of the research 
	The study focuses on English errors made by students in grade 6, I do not have an ambition to cover all the students' problems with English pronunciation. Only the pronunciation errors with some typical vowels made by the students in grade 6 are investigated.
4. Method of the research 
4.1 Subjects of the research 
This school year, there are 110 students from three classes- 6A, 6B and 6C at Thi Tran Trieu Son secondary school but I choose 50 students participating in this study. They are about the same age; both genders and they come from many villages in Trieu Son district.
4.2 Data collection instruments of the research 
	Information in the study is collected in a natural way. In order to analyze the pronunciation errors that students in grade 6 make in their utterances, I have been observing in their lessons in class for many years and write down students' errors. Then I analyze at home with the help of the attached CD and typescripts in the course book " Pronunciation Made Simple" provided by an American teacher Ms. Mindy and many video clips about pronunciation on YouTube.
4.3. Data analysis procedure of the research 
 	Firstly, I took students' errors, checked whether they knew how to pronounce the words or not, I also counted how many students selected each pronunciation.
Secondly, I compared students' errors with the guide books, sample videos.
Thirdly, I asked my colleagues about how to pronounce the words in the survey and the errors that students made.
DEVELOPMENT
PART 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
This first part will provide readers with the related theoretical background of the study by introducing some key concepts necessary for the best perception of this research as well as the review of previous studies related to the topic. Central concepts chosen to be clarified in this part are English pronunciation, Standard pronunciation, English pronunciation Errors Aspects of pronunciation such as the articulator and English sounds.
English pronunciation
	Since the research have a strong desire to investigate the pronunciation errors in English, the definition of English pronunciation is especially important. Commonly speaking, pronunciation is simply put as "the way in which a language is spoken" (1) 
1- Standard English Pronunciation
	Standard English is the most preferable accent in any setting and to teach students. It is considered to be neutral, easier to remember and imitate as compared to regional accents and it is heard on radio and TV(2). Nowadays English has become the common mean of communication, it is no longer the own property of British people, a standard pronunciation in one place may not be as much standard in others. 
2- English sounds
	There are 44 sounds in English. They are divided into two groups: 20 vowel sounds including 12 pure vowels, 8 diphthongs and 24 consonants sounds. It is too large for me to study all the sounds so in this study, I just focuses on pure vowels.
Pure vowel sounds
	Vowels are “sounds in the production of which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passed the larynx to the lips"(3). Vowels are divided into two groups: pure vowels(monothongs) and dipthongs.
In the study, only the pure vowel sounds focused on. Monothongs are pure vowel sounds and when we pronounce them, the organs of speech remain during the process of pronunciation.
According to Kelly (2000:29), monothongs are classified based on four criteria:
* Shape of lips(mouth)
+ Spread: The shape of lips is spread: /i:/, /i/, /e/,/æ /
+ Unrounded: The shape of lips is unrounded: /з:/, /∂/, /ʌ/ 
+ Rounded: The shape of lips is rounded: /u:/, /ɔː/, /ɑː/, /ʊ/, /ɒ/
* Position of tongue in the mouth:
The position of tongue has a close relation to:
+High: Mouth is closed: /i/,/i:/, /uː/, /ʊ/
+ Middle: Mouth is half-way open: /e/,/з:/, /ɔː/
+ Low: Mouth is open and wide: /æ /,/ɑː/, /ɒ/, /ʌ/
* The highest part of the tongue( the part of the tongue which is raised)
+ Front vowels: /I/, / i:/, /e/, /æ/
+ Central: /з:/, /ʌ/, /ə/
+ Back: /ʊ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/, /ɔː/, /uː/
* The length of sounds:
+Short vowels: /I/, /e/, /æ/, /ɒ/,/ʊ/, /ə/, /ʌ/ 
+ Long vowels:/i:/, /ɜː/, /ɔː/, /ɑː/, /ɔː/(4)
Pure vowel sounds in words:
- /i:/ as in these words: bead, key, people, meat
-/ i/ as in these words: hit, rhythm, women..
- /ʊ/ as in these words: push, pull, good, book, .
- /uː/ as in these words: food, soup, true, who, fruit
- /e/ as in these words: instead, any, said, head, left, egg.
- /ə/ as in these words: machine, Japan, about, avoid, banana, paper..
- /ɜː/ as in these words: nurse, birth, surf, her, word, serve..
- /ɔː/ as in these words: call, daughter, taught, wall, board, saw..
- /æ / as in these words: hat, black, bank, plastic, plan..
- /ʌ/ as in these words: but, come, mother, uncle, front, flood..
- /ɑː/ as in these words: car, clerk, far, part, half..
- /ɒ/ as in these words: dog, cough, because, knowledge.
Illustration of how to pronounce pure sounds by pictures
 (5)
PART 2: PRACTICAL BACKGROUND
 Errors concerned with vowel sounds
 1. Description of vowel sounds errors
Number
Target sounds
Mispronounced sounds
Number of errors
1
/ɪ/
/i:/
17
2
/æ /
/e/
16
/ɑː/
15
3
/ʊ/
/uː/
12
2. Error analysis 
a- /ɪ/ sounds error analysis
	The checking of the pronunciation errors reveals that many words containing the /ɪ/ sounds are mispronounced into /i:/ sound and many students regarded /ɪ/ sounds as one of the most difficult to them./ɪ/ is a short vowel sound but /i:/ is a long one. However, when students pronounced /ɪ/, it sounds like /i:/. The error is made from the wrong way or the wrong manner they pronounce this sound and the shape of lips also has influence on creating the error because we all can produce /i:/sounds with the spread and loose lips so it is very easy for students to produce sound /i:/ with the same shape of lips as in sound /ɪ/ . Besides, I notice that there is one more reason to interpret why Vietnamese students often mistake /ɪ/ and /i:/ sound. That is because of Vietnamese alphabet interference. The students must have taught how to read and write letters in alphabet when they were children and they keep the way of reading Vietnamese letters in their mind in every time and everywhere.
b- /æ / sound error analysis
When pronouncing, /æ / sound is often mispronounced into monothong /ɑː/ or /e/. Students do not open their lips neutrally, they keep their lips loosely spread that may become the first condition for them to pronounce /e/ not /æ / sound. In addition, the different positions of their tongue also make them produce different sounds. The students when pronouncing /æ / sound do not raise the front of their tongue to just below the half-open position, they put either the front of their tongue between the half-open and half- close position or the tongue between the center and the back in the fully open position. Therefore, they produce either /ɑː/ or /e/ sounds.
c- /ʊ/ sound error analysis
/ʊ/ is short vowel sound but /u:/ is a long one. From the survey, 12 students agree that /ʊ/ is the most difficult sound and 12 students choosing the pair of sound /ʊ/ and /u:/ to be one of the most difficult pair sound to pronounce. The confusion of the two sounds is simply understood. When pronouncing /ʊ/ sound, the students often keep their lips rounded as in /u:/ sound meanwhile /ʊ/ sound needs the loose rounded lips. The other reason is that students do not know to follow the rule to pronounce /ʊ/.( to pronounce /ʊ/ sound, learners should raise the part of their tongue just behind the center and above the half - close position, not the back of their tongue just below the close position)
3. Typical vowel sounds error collected from the survey(8)
Target sounds
Target words
Pronunciation
Mispronunciation
Frequency of errors(times)
/ɪ/
Delay
/dɪˈleɪ/
/di-lei/
7
In
/ɪn/
/i:n/
8
Delete
/dɪˈliːt/
di-lit
6
Sit
/sɪt/
/s i:t/
7
/æ /
Bad
/bæd/
/bed/
8
Grand
/grænd/
/grend/
9
Land
/lænd/
/lend/
6
Bank
/bænk/
/benk/
6
Snack
/snæck/
/sneck/
7
/ʊ/
Put
/pʊt /
/pu:t /
8
Pull
/fʊl/
/fu:l/
8
Look
/lʊk/
/lu:k/
6
Wood
/wud/
/wu:d/
7
PART 3: POSSIBLE CAUSES AND SUGGESTED SOLUTION
1- Possible causes
	Too much of the concern about teaching pronunciation has centered on the exact pronunciation of vowel and consonant sounds. However, if the ambition of English teaching is to enable learners to communicate in English, we can see that communicative effectiveness depends on not only correct pronunciation of these vowel and consonant sounds but also speakers themselves. Being able to use the rhythm and intonation of English will enable speakers to be much more intelligible than being able to pronounce vowel and consonants perfectly. It is not unusual for teachers who are not native speakers of English to feel worried about teaching pronunciation. 
1.1. Lack of awareness of the importance of pronunciation
	Being asked, students think that pronunciation does not much decide their learning English; they claim that they can learn other skills well without a good pronunciation.
	The other skills that students said are listening, writing, readingThey do not know that pronunciation is closely linked with listening comprehension, spelling, grammar and reading. To ignore pronunciation is to ignore an important part that can support the improvement of other skills. Pronunciation plays a very important in both learning a language and communicating using that language. Although students have good self- comments on pronunciation, many students are still unconfident when speaking in English. They need to understand that good pronunciation should be one of the first things that they learn in English. They can use simple words and simple grammar structures to say what they want instead of the advanced ones. Improper pronunciation has certain negative effects on communication that may result in a failure in making one understood by others.
1.2. Teachers' neglect of pronunciation
	To give this reason, I do not mean that teachers of English have poor pronunciation. I myself as well as other teachers of English have to teach many big classes without modern equipment. We also ask students to practice in front of the class, after finishing their presentation; the listeners (both teachers and other students) have given comments. However, teachers paid attention more to the best content and forgot to show the errors made in our students’ pronouncing English words. It would be beneficial to the students if the teachers constantly remind them of the need to practice pronunciation and help them correct errors.
1.3. Mother tongue interference
	We all know that our students have own dialect so it is very difficult for teachers to correct their errors.
2. Suggested solutions
Doing pronunciation exercises
	Aim: New English curriculum has Pronunciation part. It is very convenient for teachers to use exercises in this part to ask their students to practice their pronunciation. Students can self- practice by doing the phonetics exercises. These exercises will help students to recall and review the sounds they have learnt and know the differences between the pairs of sounds.
a. Distinguishing sound exercises
 Example 1:
UNIT 4- MY NEIGHBORHOOD (ENGLISH 6)
Exercise 4(P35)(5)
 	Listen and repeat the words. Pay attention to the sounds /ɪ/ and /i:/
exciting cheap historic sleepy expensive 
convenient peaceful police noisy friendly
 Now, in pairs put the words in the correct column
/i:/
/ɪ/
In this exercise, I model the sounds /i:/ and /ɪ/ first and ask students to identify which sound is longer and which one is shorter. Ask Ss to practice the /i:/ and /ɪ/ sounds together. Then I play the recording twice, ask my students to listen to the recording, repeat the words and notice the sounds. Then I ask some students to practice in front of the class, others listen and correct their classmates’ errors(for more able students) or I have to point their errors(for weaker students)
KEY:
/i:/
/ɪ/
cheap
sleepy
peaceful
convenient
police
exciting
historic
expensive
noisy 
friendly
Exercise 5(p35):Listen to the sentences and underline the words you hear
1. Tommy is living/ leaving there.
2. Shall we hit/ heat the oil first?
3. This airplane sits/ seats 100 people.
4. There's a ship/sheep over there.
5. Jimmy is finding some tins/ teens now.
6. Peter bought a mill/ meal last week.
7. Some Tims/teams are coming in.
8. It is a fish and chip/ cheap shop.
	In this exercise, I play the recording twice, ask my students to listen and circle the words they hear. After that I get them to give the answers. For more able students, I ask them to give example; for weaker students I ask them to practice again. 
KEY:
1. Tommy is living/ leaving there.
2. Shall we hit/ heat the oil first?
3. This airplane sits/ seats 100 people.
4. There's a ship/sheep over there.
5. Jimmy is finding some tins/ teens now.
6. Peter bought a mill/ meal last week.
7. Some Tims/teams are coming in.
8. It is a fish and chip/ cheap shop.
Example 2(6): 
UNIT 11- OUR GREENER WORLD
Pronunciation /ɑː/ and /æ /
Exercise 5(p51)
Listen and repeat. Pay attention to how the underlined part is pronounced
Fast had bag plastic glass apple
dance answer activity afternoon
	In this exercise, I model the sounds /ɑː/ and /æ / first and ask students to identify the sounds. Then I play the recording twice, ask my students to listen to the recording, repeat the words and notice the sounds. Then I ask some students to practice in front of the class, others listen and correct their classmates’ errors(for more able students) or change into exercise 6(for weaker students)
Exercise 6. Listen again and put the words in the correct column
/ɑː/
/æ /
KEY:
/ɑː/
/æ /
fast
glass
afternoon
answer
dance
Bag
plastic
apple
activity
bag
b. Find the odd sounds
1- A- bike	B- tennis	C- tonight	D- idea
2- A- stay	B- vacation	C- citadel	D- day
3- A- lake	B- take	C- match	D- play
4- A- beach	B- theatre	C- idea	D- near
5- A- brush	B- music	C- truck	D- bus
6- A- hill	B- ship	C- kite	D- chip
7- A- cheap	B- great	C- peace	D-meal
8- A- evening	B- extreme	C- scene	D- exercise
KEY: 1- B	2-C	3-C	4-A	
5- B	6- C	7- B	8- D
c. Matching exercises
Show words, sounds and ask students to match
Sounds
Words
1- /æ /
2- /ɑː/
3- /ɪ/
4- /i:/
5- /e/
a- live, fit, charity, continent
b- land, bank, character, landmark
c- end, helicopter, hedge, energy
d- leave, peaceful, creature, need
e- castle, Antarctica, guard, regard
	After three times teaching grade 6- the new English curriculum, I have used the tips above and got some big achievement
Number
Target sounds
Mispronounced sounds
Number of errors
1
/ɪ/
/i:/
7
2
/æ /
/e/
5
/ɑː/
4
3
/ʊ/
/uː/
4
CONCLUSION
Conclusion
Through the process of teaching, I have got some goals on improving the way to pronounce vowel sounds of grade- 6 students. Students are aware of vowels, how to pronounce them more correctly and they overcome difficulties in learning English pronunciation. However, there are still certain limitations such as: the practice procedure should have been done more seriously and for a longer time.
I would like to receive more ideas from my colleagues. 
Request
The process of teaching and learning English needs a lot of materials. So I would like:
2.1. For school
Facilitate for both of the teachers and students to apply the new technology in teaching and learning English in order to get higher achievement. 
2.2. For teachers
Regularly learn, get information from books, Internet and exchange with colleagues, and try to recognize and correct students’ mistakes.
2.3. For the leaders of the district, division
Provide more teaching materials for schools such as projectors, computers, Wi-Fi.....Organize classes for teachers to learn new methods, technologies and exchange experience. Organize more excellent exams for students to evaluate themselves.
The cooperation of all is the best way to get higher and higher achievements. 
Xác nhận của thủ trưởng đơn vị Triệu Sơn, ngày 18- 04-2017
Tôi xin cam đoan đây là SKKN của mình viết, không sao chép của người khác
 Nguyễn Thị Như Quỳnh
REFERENCES
Number
Name of the document
Author
Year
Publisher
1
Oxford Advanced Learner's Encyclopedic dictionary
Jonathan Crowther
1992
Oxford university Press
2,3
English Made Simple
Jonathan Crichton and Pieter Koster
2006
Tuttle Publishing
4
How to teach pronunciation.
Kelly Grand
2001
Pearson education
5
Internet webs
6
English 6 ( Teacher’s book)
Hoàng Văn Vân, Nguyễn Thị Chi, Lê Kim Dung....
2013
Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam
7
English 6 (Student’s book)
Hoàng Văn Vân, Nguyễn Thị Chi, Lê Kim Dung....
2013
Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam
8
Luận văn nghiên cứu tìm lỗi phát âm của sinh viên Việt nam ở trường ĐH Vinh
Nguyễn Thị Hồng Anh
2010
DANH MỤC
CÁC ĐỀ TÀI SÁNG KIẾN KINH NGHIỆM ĐÃ ĐƯỢC HỘI ĐỒNG ĐÁNH GIÁ XẾP LOẠI CẤP PHÒNG GD&ĐT, CẤP SỞ GD&ĐT VÀ CÁC CẤP CAO HƠN XẾP LOẠI TỪ C TRỞ LÊN
Họ và tên tác giả: Nguyễn Thị Như Quỳnh
Chức vụ và đơn vị công tác: Trường THCS Thị Trấn Triệu Sơn
TT
Tên đề tài SKKN
Cấp đánh giá xếp loại (Phòng, Sở, Tỉnh...)
Kết quả đánh giá xếp loại (A, B, hoặc C)
Năm học đánh giá xếp loại
Nâng cao kĩ năng viết Tiếng Anh cho học sinh cấp 2
Phòng 
B
2012- 2013
Improving listening English for students at secondary school
Phòng
A
2014-2015
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