Mệnh đề quan hệ và một số bài tập ứng dụng

 time studying English or reading references about English to have more skills and techniques. In English lessons, they almost look forward to being explained, translated new words and excercises or they completely depend on other good students who can help them rewrite excercises.
	Located in remote and mountainous area with low living standard and spirit, outdated habits and customs, and limited cultural exchanges. As a result, most of students' parents hardly care about their children's schooling even though they leave their children's education to school without caring. Besides, some of them still think that learning Vietnamese is not enough so how their children can learn English. However, some of students like English but their levels are different and they don't have good methods of learning English, therefore, students become lazier because their knowledge is worse and worse when they study farther and farther.
+) 85% of students don't revise the knowledge they learnt during the summer holidays so that they almost forget everything
	+) Bad at vocabulary is the rason why students use wrong words and making meaningless sentences. 30% of students can't remember even 50 English words.
	+) 50% of students don't know how to write a passage in English with their familiar words.
	+) Most of students can't remember English strutures that they learnt at 10th and 11th form.
III. The method of teaching students to practise language skills
	Firstly, teachers have to help students realise how important learning a foreign language is in general and learning English in particular, especially, help them feel interested in doing excercises more efficently. Moreover, the lessons must be suitable for every student. Besides, teachers should use good methods to help students study better. For bad students, teachers have to tutor them at school or at home. Finally, the school should open extra courses in summer holidays and classify them into different levels such as weak, medium and good level in different classes.
 Part1: Some main points of pronouns and relative clause
There are two kind of sentences:
single sentence: one clause includes one subject and verbs
complex sentence: one main clause combine one subordinate clause with a pronoun. There are three kind of clauses:
+ Defining clauses
 + Non-defining clauses
+ Connective clauses
 In basic English Textbook, students learn three kind of relative clauses like defining clause, non-defining clause and connective clause. In my topic, I would like to provide students main points of reative clauses in order to help them do all kind of relative clause excercises. Therefore, they have to catch up some following main points: 
A. DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING CLAUSE
I. Definition.
	Defining clause is used after non defining noun, it add important information for noun before and it can't be omitted. 
Ex: The man who told me this refused to give me his name.
In this sentence “who told me this” is relative clause.
II. Usage
 	Relative clause is used after:
 	+ The + Noun.
 	+ A/AN + Noun.
+ Plural nouns without "the".
+ Pronouns ( all, none, anybody, those.)
 Ex: The book is about a girl who falls in love .
III. Forms of pronouns
Subject
Object
possession
Person
Who
That
Who/ Whom
That.
Whose.
Thing
Which
That.
Which
That
Whose
Of Which.
Place
Where
1. Pronouns for person: Who/ That.
a. Subject.
 Who: is used to replace for nouns of person ( he,she, we , you, they) and used as subject in subordinate clause. Who = That.
 Ex1: The man is friendly. He lives next door.
->The man who lives next door is friendly.
 Ex2: We know a lot of people. They live in London.
 -> We know a lot of people who live in London.
When " Who/ That /Which" is object, we can leave relative pronoun
Ex: The woman was away on holiday.
 I wanted to see the woman.
 -> The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.
Or	-> The woman I wanted to see was away on holiday.
b. Object of verbs: Whom/ Who/ That.
We often use " who, that" in speaking while "whom" in writing. We can omit "whom" in informal language
Ex: The man whom I saw told me to come back today.
Or The man I saw told me to come back today.
 Pronoun " Whom" : replace for noun of person in subordinate clause. We can replace "who,whom" with "that" or obmit it.
Ex: The boy is my son. You see him at the door.
 ->The boy whom you see at the door is my soon.
 Pronoun " whom/ who": refer to noun of person and used as object for preposition in subordinate clause. We can converse prepositon before pronouns "whom" but not apply for "that"
 Ex: The man is their teacher. They are talking to him.
 -> The man who(m)/ that they are talking to is their teacher.
 ->The man they are talking to is their teacher.
 ->The man to who(m) they are talking is their teacher.
c. Possession: Whose.
 Whose: replace for possessive adjective ( his, her, their..)
Ex1: We saw some people.Their car had broken down.
 ->We saw some people whose car had broken.
Ex2: A widow is a woman. Her husband is dead.
 ->A widow is a woman whose husband is dead.
Ex 3: What’s the name of the man? His car you borrowed.
 ->What’s the name of the man whose car you borrowed?
2. Pronouns for thing.
Subject: Which/ That.
Which: is used to replace for nouns of person and used as subject in subordinate clause. Which = That. 
 Ex1: Tom bought a house. It has a bedroom and a kitchen.
 ->Tom bought a house which has bedroom and a kitchen.
 Ex 2: Can you see my pen? It’s lying on that table.
 ->Can you see my pen which is lying on that table?
Object of verbs.
Pronoun "which": replace for noun of thing, use as object in subordinate clause. We can replace "which" with "that" or omit it.
Ex1: The book is mine. You see it on the table.
- >The book which (that) you see on the table is mine.
 Which is not used after: all, everything, little, much, none, no, double comparision 
Ex : - All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs.
This is the best hotel (that) I know.
 c. Object of preposition.
 Structure: Pre.p + Which 
 Or: which + S+V + pre.p
We can use "which, that" or obmit 
Ex: The book is very interesting. You are talking about it.
 ->The book about which you are talking is very interesting.
 ->The book which you are talking about is very interesting.
 B. NON- DEFINING CLAUSE. 
I. Definition
	Non-defining relative clause is set after nouns which are definited. The information in these clauses is not essential. It tells us more about someone or something, but it does not help us to identify them or it. Non-defining relative clauses are always separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The commas have a similar function to brackets: 
 Ex: - The man , whom you saw yesterday, is Mr Pike.
 - This is Mrs Jones, who helped me last week.
 - Mary, whose sister I know, has won an Oscar.
II. Usage.
Non-defining relative clauses can be used after the following nouns:
 + Proper nouns.
 + Demonstrative pronouns: this , that, these , those.
 + Possessive adjective: my, his ,her..
 + Predetermine and complement
III. Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses
Subject 
Object 
Possessive
Person 
Who
Whom/ Who
Whose
Thing 
Which
Which
Whose/ of Which
Place
Where
Relative pronouns for person.
a. Subject : Who.
Only use " Who".
 Ex1: My teacher has a lot of experiences. He has been teaching for 10 years.
 	 ->My teacher, who has been teaching for 10 years, has a lot of experiences.
 Ex2. I passed the letter to Petter. He was sitting beside me.
 -> I passed the letter to Petter , who was sitting beside me.
b. Object: Whom/ Who.
 You cannot leave out the relative pronoun, even when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause: Whom is true form though Whom is sometimes used in dialogues. 
 Ex1: Peter turned out to be innocent. Everyone suspected him.
 -> Peter, whom everyone suspected ,turned out to be innocent.
 Ex 2: She introduced me to her husband. I hadn’t met him before.
 -> She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before .
c. Object of preposition: Whom.
Pronouns can't be omitted. The preposition in these clauses can go at the end of the clause . This pattern is often used in spoken English, but in written or formal English you can also put the preposition before the pronoun: 
Ex1 : Mr Lam was very generous about overtime payments. I was working for him.
 -> Mr Lam, for whom I was working , was very generous about overtime payments.
Or -> Mr Lam , who I was working for , was very generous about overtime payment.
Ex2 : Peter was fitter than me. I played tennis with him on Sunday.
 -> Peter , with whom I played tennis on Sunday, was fitter than me.
Or -> Peter , whom I played tennis with on Sunday , was fitter than me.
Relaive pronouns for thing : Which.
Subject : Which. 
We can't use "that".	
Ex: We stayed at the Hanoi hotel. Long recommened it to us.
->We stayed at the Hanoi hetel, which Long recommened to us.
Object: Which.
 We can't use "that" or omit "which".
Ex : These books will give you all the information you need. 
 You can get them at any bookshop.
 -> These books, which you can get at any bookshops, will give you all the information you need.
c. Object of preposision: which
Preposision can stand before pronouns or at the end of the sentence.
Ex : His house is now worth 10.000$. He paid for it 5.000$.
 -> His house, for which he paid 5.000$ , is now worth 10.000$.
d. Possession : Whose/ of which.
Whose: is used for both person and thing.
Of which: can be used for thing but it is not usual in formal English.
Ex : His house was a depressing right. Its windows were all broken.
->His house , whose windows were all broken.
Notes
- In non-defining clauses, you cannot use 'that' instead of who, whom or which. 
- You cannot leave out the relative pronoun, even when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
 - The preposition in these clauses can go at the end of the clause.
- Non-defining clauses can be introduced by expressions like all of, many of + relative pronoun: 
 Person
 Thing
all of 
+ whom 
+ which 
any of 
+ whom 
+ which 
(a) few of 
+ whom 
+ which 
both of 
+ whom 
+ which 
each of 
+ whom 
+ which 
either of 
+ whom 
+ which 
half of 
+ whom 
+ which 
many of 
+ whom 
+ which 
most of 
+ whom 
+ which 
much of 
+ whom 
+ which 
none of 
+ whom 
+ which 
one of 
+ whom 
+ which 
two of etc... 
+ whom 
+ which
C. MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ LIÊN HỢP / NỐI TIẾP.
I. Định nghĩa
 Mệnh đề quan hệ liên hợp dùng để giải thích cho cả một câu, trường hợp này chỉ dùng đại từ quan hệ which và dùng dấu phẩy để tách hai mệnh đề. Mệnh đề này luôn đứng cuối câu.
Ex1: Students are often afraid of exams, which is easy to understand.
Ex 2: It rained very heavily, which prevented my going out. 
Phần 2 : Một số dạng bài tập cơ bản 
Đối với mệnh đề quan hệ, chúng ta có một số dạng bài tập cơ bản sau, gồm cả tự luận và trắc nghiệm.
Dạng 1: Điền đại từ quan hệ thích hợp vào chỗ trống
 Đây là dạng bài tập yêu cầu học sinh phải nắm được cách dùng các đại từ quan hệ, chức năng , dùng cho người hay cho vật và dùng trong các loại mệnh đề quan hệ khác nhau thì dùng đại từ quan hệ nào thì thích hợp. Học sinh có thể áp dụng những kiến thức đã được cung cấp ở trên để làm dạng bài tập này.
Exercise 1: Chọn đáp án đúng nhất để hoàn thành những câu sau:
1. It rained all the time, . was a great pity. 
a. that	b. what	c. which	d. who
2. She married a man . she met on a bus.
a. whom	b. whose	c. he 	d. which
3. I’m sure I know the person  served us.
a. whom	b. who	c. which	d. whose
4. The Red Lion is the pub in .. we met for a drink.
a. it	b. that	c. where	d. which
5. The letter that I opened  wasn’t for me.
a. X	b. it	c. that	d. which
6. I’m working on a firm  main office is in London.
a. which	b. that	c. whose	d. whom
7. Natasha, . flat was burgled, spent the night at a friend’s house.
a. who	b. whose	c. which	d. that
8. Students  get below-average exam results do not have the best prospects.
a. what	b. whom	c. who	d. which
9. We passed the shops  windows were decorated for Christmas.
a. the	b. their	c. which	d. whose
10. I don’t agree with  you have just said.
a. who	b. when	c. which	d. where
11. The man to . She is married has been married twice before.
a. whom	b. who	c. which	d. whose
12. That’s the house .. I was born.
a. in which	b. which	c. that	d. place
13.Tom.is a monitor of the class, is also the captain of the football.
a. who	b. which	c. whom d. whose.
14. I saw the man.owns that car walking towards the shop.
a. which	b. whom	c. who d. whose
15. The streetleads to my school is very narrow.
a. who	b. which	c. whom d. whose.
16. Bring me the clock..is over there.
a. whom	b. which	c. whose d. who
17. My friend, aunt is nurse, would like to be a doctor someday.
a. who	b. whom	c. which d. whose
18. The dog, ..tail I stepped on, bit me.
a. who	b. whose	c. which d. whom
19. Please give this to the beggar.is at the door.
a. who	b. which	c. whom d. whose
20. My father gave me the doll..I had been hoping for.
a. who	b. which	c. whom d. which
21. Yesterday I met my friend.gave me a dog on my birthday.
a. who	b. whose	c. whom d. which.
22. Any boy.disobeys the rules will be punished.
a. that	b. which	c. whom d. who.
23. Budapest.is on the Danube is a beautiful city.
a. where	b whose	c. when d. which
24. The river from.we get our water supply is nearly empty.
a. that	b. which	c. whom d. where.
25. The boyfather is in prison is my friend.
a. whom	b. who	c. whose d. which
26. Do you know the drivertook them to town last night.?
a. which	b. whom	c. where d. who
27. Anybody..is tired may leave.
a. whom	b. who	c. where d. which.
28. He talked about the books and the authors.interested him.
a. which	b. who	c. that d. when
29. This is the book of .I was speaking.
a. which	b. whom	c. that d. where
30. The cat tail is long does not belong to me.
a. whom	b. that	c. which d. whose.
Dạng 2: Nối hai hay nhiều câu đơn thành một câu phức dùng đại từ quan hệ thích hợp:
	 Đây là dạng bài tập , khi giảng dạy tôi thường cho học sinh làm dưới dạng tự luận, và hướng dẫn làm dưới dạng tự luận. Sau đó áp dụng sang làm dạng bài tập trắc nghiệm. Thường thì dạng bài tập này khi chuyển sang trắc nghiệm thường ở dạng viết: cho hai câu đơn sau đó yêu cầu chọn phương án nối câu đúng nhất.
	 Để làm dạng bài tập này , học sinh cần nắm được cách nối hai hay nhiều câu đơn thành câu phức dùng đại từ quan hệ thích hợp. Cụ thể các bước như sau :
 Bước 1: xác định hai từ , hai cụm từ cùng chỉ một đối tượng ở hai câu.
Bước 2: xác định mệnh đề chính , mệnh đề phụ( hay mđqh)
Cách xác định mệnh đề chính , phụ:
Mệnh đề chính chứa thông tin người viết, nói muốn thông báo cho người đọc, người nghe và mệnh đề phụ là thành phần còn lại.
Nếu 2 câu ở hai thời khác nhau thì sự việc xảy ra trước sẽ nằm trong mệnh đề phụ, sự việc xảy ra sau sẽ nằm trong mệnh đề chính.
 Bước 3: Hình thành mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách dùng đại từ quan hệ thích hợp thay cho danh từ cần thay thế.
Bước 4: Đặt toàn bộ mệnh đề quan hệ vào ngay sau danh từ cần bổ nghĩa, phần còn lại của mệnh đề chính đặt ở cuối câu.Nếu danh từ cần bổ nghĩa là danh từ xác định thì phảI thêm dấu phẩy ngăn cách giữa mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề quan hệ.
Hãy xét ví dụ sau đây:
Ex: I don’t know the name of the woman. I met her yesterday.
Mệnh đề chính là câu thứ nhất. Mệnh đề quan hệ là câu thứ hai
Mệnh đề quan hệ là: whom I met yesterday.
Câu nối hoàn chỉnh là: I don’t know the name of the woman whom I met yesterday.
Exercise 1: Nối những câu sau bằng đại từ quan hệ 
1. She is the most intelligent woman. I ‘ve ever met this woman.
->..
2. This doctor is famous. You visited him yesterday.
->
3. The police want to know the hotel. Mr Foster stayed there two weeks ago.
->.
4. I have not decided the day. I ‘ll go to London on that day.
->..
5. He doesn’t want to sell the house. He was born in this house.
->..
6. I looked at the moon. It was very bright that evening.
->..
7. The man is my farther . I respect this man most.
->...
8. The boy is my cousin. You made fun of him.
->..
9. The man called the police. His wallet was stolen.
->..
10. A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out.
->..
11. Phuong Thoa is a singer. You like music best.
->
12. This man was a brave man. No one trusted him.
->.
13. Tom’s father goes swimming everyday. He is 78 years old.
->..
14. Do you know the girl? Tom is talking to her.
->..
15. Here is his address. You should write to it.
->..
16. Thank you for your letter. You told me a very interesting story in your letter.
->..
17. He can change the situation. He always likes to do something new.
->..
18. I gave it to the poor man. His name was Long.
->..
19. Uncle Ho lived in that house. It is now a museum.
->..
20. The man is my teacher. His daughter learns with me.
Dạng 3: Dạng bài tập xác định lỗi sai.
Exercise 3: Xác định lỗi sai những câu sau đây :
1. Baseball is the only sport in which I am interested in. 
 a b c d 
2. I can assure you that John is a man who you can absolutely depend in.
 a b c d
3. My sister has two children, who their names are Ali and Tally.
 a b c d
4. I would like to write about several problems which I have faced them since 
 a. b. c.
 I came to United States.
 d. 
5. If you need any information, see the librarian sits at the central desk on the 
 a. b c. 
 second floor.
 d. 
6. On the wall, there is a colorful poster which consists of a group of young 
 a. b. c.
 people who dancing.
 d. 
7. When we walked pass theater, there were a lot of people waited in a long 
 a. b. c.
 line outside the box office.
 d. 
8. It’s important to be polite to people who lives in the same building.
 a b c d
9. The fence surrounded our house is made of wood.
 a b c d
10. Parents who children are in college are working longer hours to pay their 
 a. b. c. 
 tuition.
 d
 IV. Kết quả:
 Cuối năm học này , tôi thấy học sinh đã thích học một bài tập ngữ pháp hơn và có thể làm được một số bài tập về mệnh đề quan hệ. Thể hiện qua kết quả điều tra sau:
Lớp 
Hiểu được bài đọc 
Có thể làm được bài tập sau khi đọc
12A3
21/38 = 55%
 17/38 = 45%
12A5
19/37 = 51%
 18/37 = 49%
12C3
16/33 = 48%
 17/33 = 52%
 PHẦN KẾT LUẬN
	 Trong quá trình giảng dạy tiếng Anh khối 10 , tôi đã giới thiệu cho các em học sinh những kiến thức cơ bản về mệnh đề quan hệ trong tiếng Anh. Đối với từng đối tượng học sinh khác nhau, thì yêu cầu về kiến thức cũng khác nhau. Đối với những đối tượng học sinh yếu, hoặc chỉ phục vụ thi học kỳ hoặc thi tốt nghiệp THPT thì tôi chỉ giới thiệu những phần cơ bản .Còn đối với đối tượng học sinh khá, giỏi, học sinh học khối D thì tôi đã giới thiệu thêm phần một số dạng đặc biệt của mệnh đề quan hệ. Trong quá trình giảng dạy, tôi nhận thấy học sinh phần lớn đều nắm được các kiến thức cơ bản và áp dụng làm được các dạng bài tập trắc nghiệm phục vụ cho kì thi tốt nghiệp THPT. Tuy nhiên, đối với đối tượng học sinh yếu, thì các em vẫn còn gặp một số khó khăn vì đây là phần kiến thức liên quan chặt chẽ với các phần kiến thức khác đặc biệt là các thì tiếng Anh.Vì vậy, khi dạy phần kiến thức này, tôi đã yêu cầu học sinh nhắc lại kiến thức đã học trong phần các thì tiếng Anh và các kiến thức có liên quan khác.
	Đề xuất:
	Là một giáo viên trẻ, giảng dạy chưa lâu, kinh nghiệm chưa nhiều nên tôi biết vấn đề mình đưa ra còn nhiều hạn chế. Vì vậy, tôi rất mong nhận được sự tham gia xây dựng của các thầy cô, đồng nghiệp để vấn đề tôi đưa ra được hoàn thiện hơn, có hiệu quả hơn trong quá trình giảng dạy.
	Xin chân thành cảm ơn!
 Quỳ hợp, ngày 18 tháng 03 năm 2013 
 Người viết:
 Trần Công Khang Trần Hồng Lương